India was the mother of all civilizations’ is often said by many. But little significant research or reliable writing has ever been done to substantiate this fact. “India’s Contributions to the West” primarily discusses how India has been a source of knowledge to the West over ages. Even the growth of modern sciences in the West, called the ‘Renaissance’ was a direct result of flow of Indian knowledge to the West. Kanaka, an Indian scientist from the Sind province of India landed in the court of Caliph al-Mansur in Baghdad with a diplomatic delegation in 773 AD along with a treasure trove of Indian scientific manuscripts in Sanskrit. He discussed the contents of the book with the Caliph. The Caliph was amazed at the scientific knowledge of the books. Al-fazari and Yakun ibn Tariq became the first Arab students of Kanaka. This process sparked a fire of knowledge in the Caliphate. Caliphs Haroun ar-Rashid and al-Mamun were successive Abbasid caliphs who promoted science and sent scientific expeditions to India in search of more manuscripts. Famous mathematician al-Khwarizmi was sent to India to study Indian science and mathematics. On return to Baghdad, al-Khwarizmi wrote a book which was known to Europe in its Latin translation, ‘Algoritmi de Numero Indorum’. This book became the hallmark for beginning of study of mathematics in Europe. The Abbasid empire included Spain and many parts of East Europe. The caliphs opened up libraries and universities in the areas of Europe under their empire. The caliphs organized translation of those scientific texts into Latin. Thus the texts containing scientific writings of Aryabhat, Brahma gupta etc. reached Europe in Latin translation. These contained a lot of scientific material including even on gravitation. These sparked a light of knowledge in Europe which had that far been deprived of any scientific knowledge. Indian knowledge was imported to Europe earlier also, especially by Pythagoras and later during the Hellenistic period. Apart from modern science and mathematics, India influenced Western religion and philosophy as well. Modern psychology owes a lot to Indian religions. In fact West owes a lot to India in all branches of learning. The book touches these various issues in brief. The facts have been well substantiated with appropriate references. Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Introduction xxi 1. The Dark Age in Europe 1 2. Ancient Indian Tradition of Science, Knowledge and Modernism, and its Decline Later 19 3. Indian Influence on the West in the Early BC Period 56 4. Dawn of Knowledge in the West with Pythagoras Turning Hindi 62 5. Alexandria University: A Centre for Indo-Greek Learning 70 6. Origin of Christianity and Threats to Alexandria 80 7. Destruction of Greece and Alexandria 87 8. Transfer of Knowledge from India to Arabic Language (Baghdad) 92 9. Translation of Non-Science Hindu Literature into Arabic and Persian 105 10. Knowledge Moves West 109 11. India’s Contributions to the Science of Psychology 115 12. Other Indian Contributions to West 129 13. The Story of Calendar 135 Appendix: China’s Contributions to the West 144 Bibliography 145 Index 149