Unit - I Cell structure, cell organelles, nucleus, chromosome structure, nucleosome and solenoid model, salivary gland, lampbrush and B chromosomes. Cell division – mitosis, meiosis; their significance, chromosomal aberrations, cell cycle. Unit- II Genetics, laws of inheritance; gene interaction; linkage and; cytoplasmic inheritance; sex determination. Unit-III Mutation- spontaneous, induced mutations, molecular mechanism and evolutionary significance; polyploidy origin, kinds and role in evolution. Evidences and theories of evolution. Unit - IV Ecology, relation with other disciplines. Plant types: Hydrophytes - Hydrilla, Eichhorina, Nymphaea, Typha. Xerophytes – Nerium, Casuarina, Saccharum, Begonia. Plant succession – xeroseres, hydroseres. Ecosystems - concept, basic types, components, & functioning. Food chain, food web, energy flow and productivity.